Demineralization by Ion Exchange in Water Treatment and Chemical Processing of Other Liquids / Samuel B. Applebaum, 1968
수처리 공정에 대해 공부하고 있는 학생이나 plant 실무를 하고 있는 분들께 참고할 만한 좋은 서적을 소개합니다.
Demineralization by Ion Exchange in Water Treatment and Chemical Processing of Other Liquids 라는 책으로 저자는 Samuel B. Applebaum 입니다.
책에서 다루고 있는 내용은 기본 수질 화학에서부터 전처리 (pre-treatment), 이온교환법 (Ion exchange)을 이용한 순수, 복수 처리 공정 등을 자세히 설명하고 있습니다.
책의 내용 중에 불순물(Impurities)에 따른 적용 공정/공법을 소개하고 있는 부분이 있어서 함께 안내드립니다.
1. Methods of Removing Ionic Impurities
| Impurities | Methods |
| Cations | |
| 1. Calcium and Magnesium | a. Cold, warm, or hot lime-soda process : precipitation, settling, and filtration b. Ion exchange |
| 2. Sodium, potassium, and ammonium | a. Hydrogen cation exchange, if bicarbonate present exceeds total hardness b. Demineralization |
| 3. Iron and Manganese | a. Oxidation (aeration) and precipitation, settling (if high amounts present), and filtration (chlorine and alkali may be needed) b. Filtration through manganese zeolite c. Ion exchange |
| Anions | |
| 4. Alkalinity | a. Lime process as in 1a, but without soda ash b. Hydrogen cation exchange c. Chloride anion exchange salt splitting (dealkalization) |
| 5. Sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and phosphate | Demineralization |
| 6. Silica | a. Absorption by ferric hydroxide precipitated by adding ferric sulphate : settling and filtration follow b. Absorption by magnesium hydroxide, formed when lime or dolomitic lime is added : settling and filtration follow : adding activated magnesia with the lime in warm or hot process is helpful c. Hydroxide anion exchange salt splitting (desilicization) d. Demineralization |
2. Methods of Removing Nonionic Impurities
| Impurities | Methods |
| 1. Turbidity and suspended matter | a. Filtration alone for small amounts of turbidity, adding coagulant directly ahead of filters if clearer effluent desired b. Coagulation, settling, and filtration for larger amounts of turbidity : prechlorination usually beneficial : alkali addition, if needed for optimal pH value : coagulant aid often improves the floc |
| 2. Color | Same as 1b, but addition of clay or other weighting agents, to densify floc, if water has low amounts of suspended matter |
| 3. Organic matter | a. Same as 1b b. Addition of oxidizing agents, such as chlorine or permanganate c. Absorption by powdered or granular activated carbon d. Absorption by anion exchangers |
| 4. Colloidal silica | a. Same as 1b b. Recirculation of boiler blowoff through demineralizer |
| 5. Plankton and bacteria | a. Same as 1b b. Superchlorination |
| 6. Oil | a. Same as 1b b. Addition of preformed alum floc and filtration |
| 7. Corrosion products in condensate | a. Filtration with cellulose filter aid b. Cation exchanger c. Ammoniated cation exchanger for heater drains d. Combined filtration and ion exchange with mixed-bed demineralizer |
3. Methods of Removing Gaseous Impurities
| Impurities | Methods |
| 1. Carbon dioxide | a. Aeration : open aerator b. Aeration : degasifier (decarbonator) or forced-draft aerator c. Vacuum deaerator d. Heater deaerator for boiler feed |
| 2. Hydrogen sulfide | a. Aeration as in 1a or 1b b. Chlorination c. Aeration plus chlorination |
| 3. Ammonia | a. Hydrogen cation exchange, if the ammonia is present as ionic NH4+ |
| 4. Methane | Aeration as in 1a or 1b |
| 5. Oxygen | a. Vacuum deaerator b. Heater deaerator for boiler feed c. Addition of sodium sulfite or hydrazine d. Anion exchanger regenerated with sodium sulfite, hydrosulfite, and hydroxide |
| 6. Excess residual chlorine | a. Dechlorination by addition of reducing agents such as sodium sulfite or sulfurous acid b. Absorption by powdered or granular activated carbon c. Filtration through granular calcium sulfite |
Contents, 책의 구성은 아래와 같습니다.
1. Brief History of Ion Exchange and the Industrial Needs That Led to Demineralization
2. Survey of the Impurities in Water, Their Harmful Effects in Industry, and Methods of Removing Them
2.1. Water Supplies
2.2. Impurities in Water
2.3. Forms of Water Analysis
2.4. Units of Measurement
2.5. Harmful Effects of Water Impurities in Industry
2.6. Water-Quality Tolerances for Various Applications
2.7. General Methods of Removing Impurities
3. Removal of the Major Ionic Dissolved Impurities in Water
3.1. Removal of Calcium and Magnesium : Water Softening
3.2. Removal of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium : Hydrogen Cation Exchange
3.3. Removal of Iron and Manganese
3.4. Removal of Alkalinity
3.5. Removal of Sulfate, Chloride, Nitrate, and Phosphate
3.6. Removal of Silica
3.7. Comparison of Water Treatments
4. Removal of Nonionic Suspended and Colloidal Impurities
4.1. Removal of Turbidity by Filtration without Presettling
4.2. Removal of Turbidity, Color, Organic Matter, Microorganisms, Bacteria, Colloidal Silica, and Oil, by Coagulation, Settling, and Filtration
4.3. Removal of Organic Matter
4.4. Removal of Colloidal Silica
4.5. Removal of Oil from Surface Waters and Condensates
4.6. Removal of Corrosion Products from Condensates
5. Removal of Gaseous Impurities
5.1. Laws of Gas Behavior
5.2. Other Factors in Gas Solubility
5.3. Application of the Laws and Other Factors
5.4. Removal of Carbon Dioxide
5.5. Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide, Methane, and Ammonia
5.6. Removal of Oxygen
5.7. Removal of Chlorine
6. The Demineralization Process and Systems
6.1. Nature of Ion Exchange and Exchange Materials
6.2. Ion Exchange Equilibria
6.3. Strong-Acid Hydrogen Cation Exchangers
6.4. Weak-Acid Hydrogen Cation Exchangers
6.5. Weak-Base Anion Exchangers
6.6. Strong-Base Anion Exchangers
6.7. Exchange Techniques
6.8. Regeneration Phase
6.9. Ion Leakage and Endpoints of Exhaustion Phase
6.10. Ten Major Demineralizer Systems
6.11. Summary of Applications of the Ten Major Demineralizer Systems
6.12. Three-Bed and Mixed-Bed System
7. The Major American Ion Exchange Materials
7.1. Cation Exchangers
7.2. Anion Exchangers
8. Demineralizer Equipment Designs
8.1. The Shell
8.2. Subfill under Exchange Materials
8.3. Internal Distributors and Collectors
8.4. External Valves and Piping
8.5. Regeneration Systems
8.6. Instrumentation for Monitoring Performance
8.7. Automatic Control Devices and Panel
8.8. Neutralizers of Regeneration Waste Waters
9. Demineralizer Technical Design Calculations and Typical Examples
9.1. Normal Procedure and Steps to be followed
9.2. Typical Examples of Design Calculation
10. Condensate Purification for High-Pressure Utility and Industrial Boilers
10.1. Turbine and Boiler Deposits before Advent of Condensate Demineralization
10.2. Advent of Once-Through Drumless Boilers and Condensate Demineralizers
10.3. Condensate Purification Equipment at the Philo Station
10.4. Prefilter Design
10.5. Development of High-Rate Mixed-Bed Condensate Demineralizers
10.6. External Regeneration System
10.7. Omission of Prefilters
10.8. Condensate-Demineralizer Design
10.9. Ammoniation of Cation Resin
10.10. Condensate Purification for Industrial High Pressure Boilers
10.11. Ammoniated Cation Resin for Removing Iron from Utility High Pressure Heater Drains
10.12. Disposable, Nonregenerated Powdered Resin
11. Demineralizing Water Treatment in Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plants
11.1. Functions of Demineralizers in Nuclear Stations
11.2. Pressurized Water Reactor Systems
11.3. Boiling Water Reactor System
11.4. Two Boiling Water Reactor Installations
12. Comparison of Evaporators and Demineralizers and New Demineralizer Processes for Desalination
12.1. Advantages of Evaporators
12.2. Operating Problems with Evaporators
12.3. Typical Economic Studies of Evaporators and Demineralizers
12.4. The Flash Evaporator
12.5. Comparison of Flash Evaporator and Demineralizer
12.6. Experiences with Flash Evaporators
12.7. Cation Exchange Presoftening of Brackish Water Feed for an Evaporator Desalination Plant
12.8. New Demineralizing Processes for High Solids Waters
13. Continuous Ion Exchange
13.1. Review of Past Fixed Bed Design Criteria and Their Change
13.2. Description of Continuous Method
13.3. The Higgins Design
13.4. The Asahi Design
13.5. Economic Comparison of Continuous-Bed and Fixed-Bed Plants
13.6. Operating Problems with Continuous Beds
13.7. Field of Application
14. Chemical Processing by Ion Exchange
14.1. Solid Exchangers with Chemical Regenerants
14.2. Applications : Removal of Impurities for Upgrading Products
14.3. Applications : Recovery of Valuable Substances and Purification of Liquors for Reuse
14.4. Solid Exchangers with Water Elution and No Chemical Regenerants
14.5. Liquid Exchangers
[Book] Post-Treatment of Desalinated Water / 담수 후처리 공정 / Remin. System / Re-mineralization system
Book for Post-Treatment of Desalinated Water / 담수 후처리 공정 / Remin. System / Remineralization system 담수 후처리 공정 (Post-treatment of Desalination)에 대해 공부하고 있는 학생이나 plant 실무를 하고 있는 분들께 참
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